A director must, in the performance of his/her duties, satisfy all the obligations imposed upon him/her by law as well as the corporation's Articles of Incorporation and By-Laws, and he/she must act within the limits of the powers conferred upon him/her.
Act With Prudence And Diligence
Legislation typically requires every director to exercise reasonable care and prudence, while taking into account the director's competence, experience and position in the corporation. This statutory duty does not require a director to be competent per se, but it obliges a director to do his/her best, given that person's competence and business sense. A director must also act with diligence in order to compensate for any weakness he/she might have by seeking the aid of qualified advisors.
Honesty And Loyalty
Legislation also often imposes a good faith requirement upon all directors by obliging them to act with honesty and loyalty and in the best interest of the corporation. Unless he/she is expressly authorized to do so by the corporation, a director cannot mingle the corporation's property (tangible or intangible) with his/her own, as well as use any of the corporation's property or information he/she obtains by reason of his/her duties for his/her own profit or that of a third party.
A director must also generally avoid placing him/herself in a conflict of interest position (i.e., his/her personal interest is in conflict with his/her obligation as director). Consequently, a director must notify the corporation of any interest he/she has in an enterprise or association that may place him/her in a conflict of interest. The nature and value of this interest must be declared and recorded in the minutes of the meeting of the board of directors.
A director must also generally inform the corporation of any contracts he/she entered into with said corporation or the acquisition of any rights in property under his/her administration. The nature and value of the rights he/she acquired must be declared and recorded in the minutes of the meeting of the board of directors and he/she must abstain from discussing and voting on the matter unless it concerns the remuneration or conditions of employment of the director.
Where the director fails to give information correctly and immediately of an acquisition or a contract, the corporation, or a member thereof, may sometimes apply to the court to annul the act or order the director to render an accounting and to remit the profit realized to the corporation.
Exceptional Liabilities
Legislation sometimes provides that money that is distributed by the corporation for the improper payment of a dividend or loan to a shareholder, the improper acquisition or payment of shares, or the improper repurchase or redemption of shares, can be recovered from its directors.
A director who is present at the meeting where the improper distribution of money was approved of may be deemed to have approved of any resolution or participated in any measure taken at that meeting, unless he/she demands at the meeting that his/her dissent be registered in the minutes or he/she notifies the secretary of the meeting in writing of his/her dissent before the adjournment of the meeting.
Dissolution Of Corporation
Legislation often holds directors of a corporation jointly and severally liable for the debts of the corporation existing at the time of dissolution, to every creditor who has not given his/her consent to the dissolution. A director can sometimes exonerate him/herself from liability by proving he/she had acted in good faith.
Improper Transfer Of Shares
If directors consent to the transfer of shares without the entire amount being paid and the person does not have the means to pay the shares in full, legislation generally holds that the directors are jointly and severally liable to the corporation's creditors.
A director can sometimes exonerate him/herself if within a certain prescribed period of becoming aware of the improper transfer, the director protests in the minutes of the meeting, and then publishes this protest in a newspaper published at the place in which the registered office is located.
Employees' Wages
Directors may be jointly and severally liable to its employees for wages due for services rendered to the corporation while they were directors.
Fraud
If the corporation commits fraud, any interested person (e.g., shareholder, creditor, supplier) may hold the directors who participated in the alleged act or derived personal profit from it liable for any damage suffered by the corporation.
Environmental Legislation
As a general rule, every director who orders, authorizes, advises or encourages the corporation to refuse or neglect to comply with an order not to emit, deposit, release or discharge a contaminant into the environment may contravene a provision of applicable legislation or its regulations, and may commit an offence and is liable to various fines and/or a prison term.
Tax Matters
As a general rule, if a corporation fails to either deduct, withhold, remit or pay the amounts required to the Receiver General pursuant to the Income Tax Act or to remit the GST as required by the Excise Tax Act, the directors of the corporation at that time are jointly and severally liable, together with the corporation, to pay the amount due as well as any interest or penalty charges. However, directors will typically only be held liable to pay these amounts in cases of liquidation, dissolution or bankruptcy of the corporation or following an unsatisfied execution against the corporation.
A director can sometimes exonerate him/herself from liability by proving he/she exercised the degree of care, diligence and skill to prevent the failure that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised in comparable circumstances.
